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Chems-Eddine Chitour, auteur de «Histoire de l’Algérie, de la résilience à la quête de la modernité» : «Mon ambition est de construire un récit national sans rien occulter» - Algerie360
Nadir Kadi
L’ouvrage «Histoire de l’Algérie, de la résilience à la quête de la modernité», du professeur Chems-Eddine Chitour, publié aux éditions Chihab, connaît depuis sa sortie en octobre dernier un grand engouement auprès des lecteurs. Un succès renouvelé à l’occasion de la vente-dédicace qu’il a animée, samedi dernier, à la Librairie générale d’El Biar. A cette occasion, il aborde ici ses motivations à l’écriture de cet ouvrage, de près de 500 pages, qui relate plus de 3 000 ans d’histoire du pays.
Le professeur Chems-Eddine Chitour nous annonce également qu’il travaille actuellement sur un nouvel ouvrage consacré aux apports des femmes dans l’histoire algérienne…
Reporters : Quelles sont les motivations qui vous ont poussé à écrire cet ouvrage abordant plus de trois mille ans de l’histoire de l’Algérie ?
Chems-Eddine Chitour : Ce livre est en fait le résultat d’une réflexion qui remonte à plus de trente ans et entre dans la même logique que mon premier ouvrage édité chez Casbah, en 1999, intitulé «Le passé revisité». Nous traversions, à cette époque, une période très difficile et j’ai estimé qu’il fallait montrer aux Algériens qu’ils ont une identité, que les difficultés que nous connaissions n’étaient qu’une étape. Il fallait donner un espoir, expliquer qu’au vue de l’expérience à travers l’histoire, il y avait malgré tout des raisons d’espérer. Ensuite, j’ai réalisé un second ouvrage sur le passé culturel de l’Algérie. Mon ambition a été de construire un récit national, montrer les différents aspects de notre histoire sans rien occulter. Nous ne devons plus construire l’Histoire avec des vides.
L’écriture de l’histoire a toujours été une question sensible, est-ce pour dénoncer son instrumentalisation ?
Pendant longtemps on a voulu résumer l’histoire de l’Algérie aux huit ans de la Révolution. Aussi glorieuse soit-elle, elle n’est qu’une étape de l’histoire algérienne. On parle parfois de l’Emir Abdelkader, mais de façon presque clandestine, cependant, personne ne parle, par exemple, d’Ahmed Bey, l’un des défenseurs de la nation algérienne. Quant à moi, je ne suis pas historien, mais les 800 références de l’ouvrage sont vérifiables. Ce que je propose dans une première étape est une déconstruction de ce que l’on nous a appris, que ce soit du fait du colonialisme ou des pouvoirs à partir de 1962. Parfois, il faut dire « non, cela ne s’est pas passé de cette manière », mais, en même temps, c’est un travail qui ne doit pas être fait de façon « nihiliste », il faut à chaque fois donner une lecture alternative, une reconstruction.
Selon vous, quelle est l’explication derrière ces différences de « lectures » ? Est-ce de simples interprétations ou, au contraire, une volonté d’orienter l’histoire ?
Je dirais que c’est aussi une sorte d’amnésie volontaire, on ne parle pas de tel ou tel fait qui pourrait choquer ou déranger quelqu’un. Au contraire, l’histoire nous impose de tout dire, d’être un honnête messager. Ce n’est qu’à partir de là que l’on peut étudier les références et questionner les sources. Les réunir permet de construire une histoire cohérente, le récit national. En fait, il faut se dire que toutes les nations ont leurs récits. Pour les Américains, par exemple, ils estiment qu’ils ont une « destinée manifeste », que Dieu leur a permis d’être sur terre pour un certain objectif. En France, l’histoire a des marqueurs, et Jeanne d’Arc et son histoire en sont certainement l’une des plus claires.
Et quelle serait le marqueur de l’histoire algérienne ? Peut-être cette « résilience » que vous évoquez dans votre ouvrage ?
Je parle de résilience parce que cette terre a connu et subi dans son histoire huit envahisseurs. Nous avons connu les cultes barbares, la venue des Phéniciens ensuite, les croyances monothéistes, le judaïsme, le christianisme… L’Algérie a d’ailleurs donné trois papes, a enfanté Saint Augustin… Ce que je veux dire, c’est que l’Algérien n’a pas à rougir de son histoire. L’on ne peut pas considérer que notre passé n’est pas exceptionnel et nous avons droit de cité.
A la lecture, on comprend également que l’Histoire peut aussi être une arme entre les mains de la politique, avant, mais aussi après l’Indépendance ?
L’une des premières décisions du maréchal B. Clauzel aura été de casser les biens habous. Cela avait tari les sources de revenus des mouderres (éducateurs) et, de ce fait, brisé le système éducatif. Ensuite, ce qu’a fait la colonisation était, je dirais, de « bonne guerre », ils sont venus pour substituer le peuple de toutes les façons possibles, même en utilisant le christianisme. Mais, le plus gros problème est que nos élites politiques, après 1960, se sont en quelque sorte fait la même chose. Ils nous ont écrit un récit – qui ne tient pas- basé sur le mensonge. Il y a des dossiers qu’il faudra bien rouvrir, notamment celui du nombre réel de moudjahidine… Dans le livre, je donne 50 000 comme ordre de grandeur.
Vous dénoncez à ce titre des « errements », des erreurs récurrentes. Avons-nous une difficulté ou une impossibilité à apprendre de l’Histoire ?
Il y a deux choses qu’il faut se dire. Dès le départ, nous avons fait fausse route en préférant la légitimité du canon à celle des neurones. C’est comme cela que nous avons bâti un récit basé sur la « force ». Et l’autre chose est que nous avons eu des intellectuels qui ont cautionné cela, ce qui a aidé ce système de pensée à perdurer. Et nous sommes tous fautifs. Je croyais en une Algérie du futur. Je me disais que malgré tout, malgré un récit pas totalement exact, les choses finiraient par se redresser, mais force est de constater que 57 ans plus tard, ce n’est pas le cas. Et le plus grand de nos échecs est certainement le système éducatif.
Votre ouvrage « résume » plus de 3 000 ans d’histoire de l’Algérie, vous avez nécessairement fait des choix. Une suite est-elle en chantier ?
En fait, je travaille, actuellement, sur un ouvrage visant à expliquer que le fil directeur de la résilience en Algérie a été la femme algérienne. Notre histoire est en fait articulée autour d’elle. L’ouvrage abordera la douleur des Algériennes.
C’est, je dirais, une histoire en creux. Quand on lit les récits des femmes qui parlent de l’invasion en 1830, ce sont des histoires poignantes qui nous donnent une lecture indirecte de ce qui s’est passé. Leurs récits permettent de jalonner l’histoire du pays. Je parlerais des battantes, des Tin Hinan jusqu’à Djamila Bouhired. Mais la lutte ne se fait pas seulement avec un fusil, les femmes ont aussi été sur le front du développement, de la science et de l’éducation.
Avez-vous une date pour la sortie de l’ouvrage ?
Normalement, la sortie se fera cette année pour le prochain Salon international du livre d’Alger.